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摘要: 風能的規模化利用是構建現代能源體系的關鍵，是保障國家能源安全，力爭如期實現碳達峰、碳中和的內在要求. 我國風電裝機容量持續攀升，早期風電機組陸續面臨報廢. 廢舊風電葉片的資源化利用面臨拆解難、降解難等多重難題，亟需探索綠色高值化、具有規模消納能力的資源化技術路線，支撐風電產業綠色可持續發展. 本文分析了我國風電產業發展概況和風電機組報廢量的增長趨勢，概括了廢舊葉片資源化利用的主要技術途徑，重點介紹了纖維增強復合材料的機械法、熱法和化學法回收利用，以及廢舊葉片在混凝土等建筑材料中的應用和葉片整體結構性利用等資源化利用技術方案，并對比分析了各類技術方案的優缺點，為廢舊風電葉片的資源化利用研究方向提供參考.Abstract: The large-scale utilization of wind energy is the key to establishing a modern energy system, an essential prerequisite for achieving carbon peaking and neutrality as planned, and an essential support for quality economic and social development. The installed wind power capacity continues to grow in China; by the end of 2022, the number of installed wind turbines had surpassed more than 170000 sets, and that of the cumulative installed blades had surpassed 3.65 million tons. Accordingly, early wind turbines are being decommissioned. The use of end-of-life wind turbine blades as a resource presents numerous challenges, such as disassembly- and degradation-related issues. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate green and high-value utilization technology paths capable of large-scale consumption to support the green and sustainable development of the wind power industry. This review examines the wind power industry and the growth trend of end-of-life wind turbines in China, outlines the main technical pathways of waste wind blade resource utilization, and highlights several waste wind blade resource utilization methods. ① Mechanical, thermal, and chemical recycling methods for fiber-reinforced composites: Mechanical recycling is a simple and traditional pathway that cannot provide long-scale fibers, thermal recycling damages the mechanical properties of long-scale fibers and makes reusing the matrix resin difficult, and chemical recycling preserves the mechanical properties of long-scale fibers and allows for the reuse of the matrix resin but at a high cost. Therefore, to achieve the sustainable reuse of reinforcing fibers and matrix resin, further research on the low-cost recycling method for fiber-reinforced composites from waste wind turbine blades is required. ② Application of waste blades in concrete and other construction materials: The blade, when cut into small pieces, can be used to replace natural aggregates in concrete materials. However, its organic components are not conducive to cement hydration, nor are the low-strength filler materials, such as balsa wood, conducive to the structural strength of concrete. ③ Structural utilization of waste blades: Waste blades can have structural reuse applications in pedestrian bridges, park benches, playground facilities, bus stops, and house roofs. Although reuse is simple and feasible, the blade materials need to be rendered nonhazardous and resourceful after the reuse cycle. This review compares and analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of various technical solutions to provide a reference for future research on the utilization of waste wind turbine blades.
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Key words:
- wind power generation /
- waste wind turbine blades /
- recycling /
- reinforced fibers /
- concrete /
- structural reuse
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圖 4 拉伸試樣制備過程及玻璃纖維的SEM圖像. (a)風電葉片；(b)機械破碎研磨；(c)篩分；(d)長絲擠出；(e) 3D打印拉伸試樣；(f) ASTM D638 type 1拉伸試樣；(g)原生纖維；(h)研磨回收的纖維；(i)研磨后經熱處理的纖維(紅色圓圈中為環氧樹脂顆粒)[17]
Figure 4. Processing scheme and scanning electron microscopy images of the fibers: (a) wind turbine blade; (b) mechanical grinding; (c) sieving; (d) filament extrusion; (e) three-dimensional printing of the specimens; (f) ASTM D638 type 1 (final product); (g) virgin fibers; (h) ground fibers; (i) pyrolyzed fibers. Red circles indicate epoxy particles that contribute to surface roughness on ground fibers[17]
圖 5 二次擠壓工藝制備3D打印復合長絲過程.（a）篩分后的玻璃纖維；（b）聚乳酸顆粒；（c）雙螺桿擠出機的擠出過程；（d）玻璃纖維增強顆粒；（e）單螺桿長絲擠出機；（f）回收的玻璃纖維增強長絲和復合拉伸試樣[30]
Figure 5. Double extrusion process for obtaining composite ?laments by three-dimensional printing: (a) last grade of the recyclate; (b) polylactic acid pellets; (c) palletization process with a twin-screw extruder; (d) glass ?ber reinforced pellets; (e) single screw ?lament extruder; (f) recycled glass ?ber reinforced ?laments and composite tensile test specimens[30]
圖 12 廢舊葉片在游樂園的應用
Figure 12. Reuse of wind turbine blades in a playground (Photo: Dennis Gusto Photography)
表 1 我國風電機組預計退役情況及葉片報廢量[22]
Table 1. Estimated retired wind generators and turbine blades in China[22]
Retirement peaks Period Estimated retired capacity/GW Estimated retired blades/Mt First peak 2025–2030 44 0.44–0.66 Second peak 2031–2035 100 1.00–1.50 Third peak 2036–2040 118 1.18–1.77 
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表 2 廢舊葉片纖維增強復合材料不同回收方法的優劣勢[37,39]
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of different recycling processes for fiber-reinforced composites obtained from waste wind turbine blades[37,39]
Recycling process Description Advantages Disadvantages Energy consumption Mechanical The composite is broken down by shredding, crushing, milling, or other similar processes. The resulting
material can be separated into resin and ?brous products.Simple,
mature technologyFiber length reduction 0.27–3.03 MJ?kg?1 Thermal
(Pyrolysis)The composite is heated to 450°C–700°C in the absence of oxygen; the polymeric resin is converted into gas or vapor while the fibers remain inert and are later recovered. Fiber length maintenance,
mature technologyFiber mechanical property degradation,
lose polymer matrix3–30 MJ?kg?1 Chemical
(Solvolysis)The polymeric resin is decomposed into oils by chemical solvents, which separate the fibers for collection. Fiber length and mechanical property maintenance,
Recover polymer matrixExpensive to separate solvents,
volatile solvent required63–91 MJ?kg?1
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