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摘要: 為保持國家能源安全，我國油氣開發領域在常規油氣藏維持產量進行剩余油挖潛的基礎上，積極推進非常規油氣資源的勘探與開發.致密油藏地質勘探資源儲量高，但儲層條件差，油水關系復雜制約著其大規模高效開發.雖然我國已經在低滲-超低滲油藏的開發中積累了大量的經驗并取得了豐碩的成果，但致密油藏無論從開發規模還是理論研究都處于起步階段，急需借鑒和開展適用于致密油藏的開發方法與滲流機理研究.本文首先概述了致密油藏的資源分布、地質特點與開發現狀.在此基礎上介紹了致密油藏開發方法并抽提了4類基本科學問題，圍繞基本科學問題系統論述了相應的流動規律以及數學模型理論研究進展，并針對各問題提出了未來發展趨勢，為促進我國致密油開發提供一定的指導意義.Abstract: The exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas become the hotspot in worldwide petroleum industry at present and in the future time. The unconventional resources are the succession and growth of conventional oil and gas production. Mineral resource investigations reveal that tight oil reservoirs in China contain highly geological and recoverable reserves, effective development of which is of great significance but restricted by poor reservoir physical properties and complex oil-water distribution. After decades of exploration and development, low and ultra-low permeability reservoirs have been successfully developed. However, development patterns and flow mechanisms suitable for tight oil are still insufficient, and the field application is far from mature yet. This study first summarized the resource distribution, geological characteristics, exploration, and development status of tight oil reservoirs in China. Then, development patterns and corresponding fundamental scientific issues of tight oil reservoirs were discussed. Corresponding nonlinear flow laws, mathematical flow models of multi-field and multiscale related to different exploitation patterns and scientific issues were summarized. Related study results of the authors were also introduced. Finally, a future development trend was proposed for each aspect. We hope that this study will provide some guiding to promote the tight oil exploration in China.
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Key words:
- tight oil /
- development pattern /
- nonlinear /
- multi-filed coupling /
- multiscale flow
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圖 1 新型應力敏感方法及測試結果.(a)改進巴西劈裂實驗; (b)致密巖心應力敏感; (c)含微裂縫致密巖心應力敏感
Figure 1. A novel experimental method for determining stress sensitivity: (a) improved Brazilian splitting test; (b) stress sensitivity of tight core; (c) stress sensitivity of tight core with microfractures
圖 2 分區耦合模型. (a) 傳統三區流動模型；(b)三大區五小區模型
Figure 2. Coupled modeling of different zones: (a) traditional flow model of three zones; (b) flow model of three large zones, including five small zones
表 1 中國主要盆地致密油資源
Table 1. Tight oil resources in the major basins of China
含油盆地 含油層系 儲層類型 有利面積/(104 km2) 滲透率/mD 厚度/m 預測資源量/(108 t) 準噶爾盆地 二疊系 灰質白云巖 6~8 ＜1 80~200 29 三塘湖盆地 二疊系 白云巖、灰巖、黑色泥巖 0.5~1 0.1~1 10~100 5.6 鄂爾多斯盆地 三疊系 粉細砂巖 8~10 0.01~1 20~80 19.9 四川盆地 侏羅系 粉細砂巖、介殼灰巖、泥質灰巖 7~11 0.0001~1 10~60 10.7 吐哈盆地 侏羅系 粉細砂巖 0.7~1 < 1 30~200 1~1.5 松遼盆地 白堊系 致密砂巖 8~9 0.6~1 5~30 19~21.3 酒西盆地 白堊系 粉砂巖、碳酸鹽巖 0.3~0.5 < 0.1 100~300 1.8~2.3 渤海灣盆地 古近系 白云巖、致密砂巖 9~11 0.2~1 100~200 3.8~4.5 柴達木盆地 新近系 泥灰巖、藻灰巖、粉砂巖 2~3 < 1 100~150 4~5 
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