Abstract: Nickel resources, as crucial strategic metallic minerals in China, exert profound impacts on national economic security, defense capabilities and resource sustainability. China has the largest demand for nickel in the world, but its nickel resources are scarce, accounting for merely 4% of global totals. Approximately 90% of these resources are difficult-to-mine copper-nickel sulfide ores, while the remaining 10% are low-grade laterite nickel ores, resulting in significant import dependence. Regionally, Chinese nickel resources are mainly distributed in Gansu, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, with their retained reserves accounting for 62.0%, 11.6%, and 8.9% of the total national reserves, respectively. The main occurrence forms of nickel ore resources are copper-nickel sulfide ore and laterite nickel ore. The composition of copper-nickel sulfide ore in China is basically similar, and the main minerals include pentlandite, millerite, violarite, niccolite, nickel-bearing pyrrhotite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Gangue minerals mainly include serpentine, chlorite and talc. Nickel typically coexists with copper and cobalt in sulfide form, with froth flotation serving as the primary beneficiation method. This work mainly introduces five methods: bulk flotation, selective flotation, gangue pre-removal—flotation process, stage grinding—flotation, and a combined flotation—gravity process. These methods are applicable to copper-nickel sulfide ore with different element contents and textural relationships. The bulk flotation process has strong adaptability to ores. The selective flotation process is suitable for sorting ores with copper grades higher than nickel grades. The gangue pre-removal—flotation process is suitable for sorting ores with high gangue content in the raw ore. The stage grinding—flotation process is suitable for sorting ores with complex inter-growth textures among various components. The flotation—gravity process can improve the recovery rate of valuable minerals. Laterite nickel ore is divided into three parts: limonite layer, transition layer, and humus layer. Due to the differences in mineral composition and content of each layer, different sorting processes are required. The limonite layer has a higher content of iron and cobalt, lower content of silicon, magnesium, and nickel, and a more uniform mineral composition. Iron mainly exists in the form of goethite and hematite, while nickel is mostly present in ores containing silicon and magnesium. Therefore, it can be treated via a hydrometallurgical process. The elemental content of the transition layer falls between the limonite layer and the humus layer. Nickel is mainly present in silicate minerals, with some present in iron ore species. To achieve effective recovery of valuable elements such as nickel minerals, it is necessary to apply intensified conditions such as acidity, high temperature, and a reducing atmosphere to ensure all elements are fully exposed to the reaction environment. Therefore, it is suitable for the combined hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical process. The humus layer is characterized by higher contents of silicon, magnesium, and nickel, but lower contents of iron and cobalt, with a highly heterogeneous mineral composition. Its primary constituents are silicate minerals, followed by iron oxides. Employing a hydrometallurgical process for this layer would lead to issues such as excessive reagent consumption. Moreover, given its relatively high nickel content and a melting point lower than that of iron oxides, a pyrometallurgical process is therefore predominantly adopted. This work aims to provide a systematic overview of the beneficiation processes for different types of nickel mineral resources, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each process, and proposing prospects for improving the utilization of nickel ore resources, providing reference for the treatment methods of different nickel ores.